基础
变量
let name = "Alice"; // reassignable const PI = 3.14; // constant var old = "avoid"; // function-scoped (legacy)
数据类型
string文本:"hello"'hello'
number整数或浮点数:423.14
booleantrue / false
null主动设置的空值
undefined已声明但未赋值
object键值对:{ a: 1 }
array有序列表:[1, 2, 3]
symbol唯一标识符
类型检测与转换
typeof "hello" // "string" typeof 42 // "number" Number("42") // 42 String(100) // "100" parseInt("3.9") // 3 parseFloat("3.14") // 3.14
字符串
模板字面量
const name = "Alice"; `Hello, ${name}!` // Hello, Alice! `Total: ${2 + 3}` // Total: 5 `Multi line string`
字符串方法
s.length字符数量
s.toUpperCase()大写副本
s.toLowerCase()小写副本
s.trim()去除首尾空白
s.split(",")分割为数组
s.includes("x")包含检测 → bool
s.indexOf("x")第一个索引(-1 表示无)
s.slice(1, 4)按索引截取子串
s.replace(a, b)替换第一个匹配
s.replaceAll(a, b)替换所有匹配
s.startsWith(x)检测前缀 → bool
s.endsWith(x)检测后缀 → bool
s.padStart(n, c)在开头填充至长度 n
数组
创建与访问
const fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]; fruits[0] // "apple" fruits.length // 3 fruits.at(-1) // "cherry"
可变方法
arr.push(x)在末尾添加
arr.pop()移除并返回最后一项
arr.unshift(x)在开头添加
arr.shift()移除并返回第一项
arr.splice(i, n)从索引 i 移除 n 项
arr.sort()原地排序(字典序)
arr.reverse()原地反转
不可变方法
arr.map(fn)转换每个元素
arr.filter(fn)保留 fn 返回 true 的元素
arr.reduce(fn, init)累积为单个值
arr.find(fn)第一个匹配项或 undefined
arr.findIndex(fn)第一个匹配的索引(-1)
arr.includes(x)包含检测 → bool
arr.slice(a, b)部分浅拷贝
arr.join(",")连接为字符串
arr.forEach(fn)遍历(无返回值)
[...a, ...b]合并数组(展开)
对象
创建与访问
const user = { name: "Alice", age: 20 }; user.name // "Alice" user["age"] // 20 user.gpa = 3.85; // add/update
解构与展开
const { name, age } = user; const copy = { ...user, age: 21 };
对象方法
Object.keys(o)键数组
Object.values(o)值数组
Object.entries(o)[key, value] 对数组
Object.assign(t, s)将 s 的属性复制到 t
"k" in obj键是否存在 → bool
delete obj.k移除属性
Object.freeze(o)设为不可变(浅层)
控制流
if / else if / else
if (score >= 90) { grade = "A"; } else if (score >= 80) { grade = "B"; } else { grade = "C"; }
三元与空值合并
const status = score >= 60 ? "pass" : "fail"; const name = user.name ?? "Anonymous";
switch
switch (color) { case "red": stop(); break; case "green": go(); break; default: wait(); }
循环
for / for...of / for...in
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) { } for (const item of ["a", "b"]) { } // arrays for (const key in obj) { } // object keys
while / do...while
while (count < 10) { count++; } do { count++; } while (count < 10);
break & continue
for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (i === 5) break; // stop loop if (i % 2 === 0) continue; // skip }
函数
函数声明与箭头函数
function greet(name) { return `Hello, ${name}!`; } const greet = (name) => `Hello, ${name}!`; const square = x => x * x; // single param
默认参数与 Rest
function greet(name = "World") { } function sum(...nums) { return nums.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0); }
回调
[1, 2, 3].map(x => x * 2); // [2, 4, 6] [1, 2, 3].filter(x => x > 1); // [2, 3] setTimeout(() => console.log("done"), 1000);
class Dog { constructor(name, breed) { this.name = name; this.breed = breed; } bark() { return `${this.name} says Woof!`; } } class Puppy extends Dog { constructor(name, breed, toy) { super(name, breed); this.toy = toy; } }
错误处理
try { JSON.parse("bad json"); } catch (err) { console.error(err.message); } finally { console.log("always runs"); }
抛出错误
throw new Error("Something went wrong");
DOM
选取元素
document.querySelector(".cls") // first match document.querySelectorAll("li") // all matches document.getElementById("main")
修改元素
el.textContent = "new text"; el.innerHTML = "bold"; el.style.color = "red"; el.classList.add("active"); el.classList.toggle("hidden"); el.setAttribute("data-id", "42");
事件
btn.addEventListener("click", (e) => { console.log(e.target); });
创建元素
const li = document.createElement("li"); li.textContent = "New item"; ul.appendChild(li); el.remove(); // remove element
Fetch API
GET 请求
fetch("https://api.example.com/data") .then(res => res.json()) .then(data => console.log(data)) .catch(err => console.error(err));
POST 请求
fetch(url, { method: "POST", headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" }, body: JSON.stringify({ key: "value" }), });
Async / Await
async function loadData() { try { const res = await fetch(url); const data = await res.json(); return data; } catch (err) { console.error(err); } }
并行请求
const [users, posts] = await Promise.all([ fetch("/users").then(r => r.json()), fetch("/posts").then(r => r.json()), ]);
模块
命名导出
// math.js export const PI = 3.14; export function add(a, b) { return a + b; } // main.js import { PI, add } from "./math.js";
默认导出
// logger.js export default function log(msg) { } // main.js import log from "./logger.js";