基础
Hello World
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, World!"); } }
编译与运行
javac Main.java # compile java Main # run java Main.java # single-file (Java 11+)
命名约定
ClassName类和接口用 PascalCase
methodName方法和变量用 camelCase
CONSTANT_NAME常量用 UPPER_SNAKE
com.example.pkg包名用小写反向域名
数据类型
基本类型
byte8 位有符号(-128 到 127)
short16 位有符号
int32 位有符号(默认整数)
long64 位有符号(后缀 L
float32 位 IEEE-754(后缀 f
double64 位 IEEE-754(默认小数)
booleantrue / false
char16 位 Unicode 字符
字符串
String s = "hello"; String joined = s + " world"; // concatenation int len = s.length(); String sub = s.substring(0, 3); // "hel" boolean eq = s.equals("hello"); // content equality
类型转换
int i = (int) 3.14; // narrowing cast double d = i; // widening (auto) int n = Integer.parseInt("42"); // string to int String s = String.valueOf(42); // int to string
数组
int[] nums = {1, 2, 3}; String[] names = new String[5]; int[][] matrix = new int[3][4]; Arrays.sort(nums);
控制流
If / Else
if (x > 0) { System.out.println("positive"); } else if (x == 0) { System.out.println("zero"); } else { System.out.println("negative"); }
Switch
// Traditional switch (day) { case "Mon": doWork(); break; case "Sat": case "Sun": rest(); break; default: routine(); } // Switch expression (Java 14+) String type = switch (day) { case "Sat", "Sun" -> "weekend"; default -> "weekday"; };
循环
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { } for (String s : list) { } // enhanced for while (condition) { } do { } while (condition);
方法
定义
public static int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
可变参数与重载
static int sum(int... nums) { int total = 0; for (int n : nums) total += n; return total; } // sum(1, 2) sum(1, 2, 3) both work
访问修饰符
public任何地方可访问
protected同包 + 子类
(default)仅同包(无关键字)
private仅同类
类与对象
类定义
public class User { private String name; private int age; public User(String name, int age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } public String getName() { return name; } }
Record(Java 16+)
public record Point(double x, double y) { // auto: constructor, getters, equals, hashCode, toString public double distance() { return Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y); } }
static 与 final
static属于类而非实例
final field初始化后不可再赋值
final method不可被重写
final class不可被继承
继承
extends
public class Animal { public void speak() { System.out.println("..."); } } public class Dog extends Animal { @Override public void speak() { System.out.println("Woof!"); } }
抽象类
public abstract class Shape { abstract double area(); public void describe() { System.out.println("Area: " + area()); } }
关键概念
super调用父类构造器或方法
@Override编译时重写检查
instanceof运行时类型检查
sealed (17+)限制可继承的类
接口
定义
public interface Printable { void print(); // abstract default String format() { // default method return toString(); } static Printable of(String s) { // static method return () -> System.out.println(s); } }
实现
public class Report implements Printable, Serializable { @Override public void print() { System.out.println("Report"); } }
函数式接口
Runnable() -> void
Supplier<T>() -> T
Consumer<T>T -> void
Function<T,R>T -> R
Predicate<T>T -> boolean
Comparator<T>(T, T) -> int
集合
List
List list = new ArrayList<>(); list.add("a"); list.get(0); // "a" list.size(); // 1 List immutable = List.of("a", "b", "c");
Map
Map map = new HashMap<>(); map.put("key", 42); map.getOrDefault("key", 0); // 42 map.containsKey("key"); // true map.forEach((k, v) -> { });
Set
Set set = new HashSet<>(); set.add("a"); set.contains("a"); // true Set immutable = Set.of("a", "b", "c");
常用实现
ArrayList可变数组,随机访问快
LinkedList双向链表,插入/删除快
HashMap哈希表,O(1) get/put
TreeMap按键排序,O(log n)
HashSet唯一元素,O(1) 查找
LinkedHashMap保持插入顺序的 HashMap
异常处理
Try / Catch / Finally
try { int result = 10 / 0; } catch (ArithmeticException e) { System.err.println(e.getMessage()); } finally { // always executes }
Try-with-Resources
try (var reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path))) { String line = reader.readLine(); } // auto-closes reader
异常层级
Throwable所有错误和异常的根
Error严重问题(OutOfMemoryError)
Exception受检异常(必须处理)
RuntimeException非受检异常(NullPointer、IndexOutOfBounds)
自定义异常
public class AppException extends Exception { public AppException(String msg) { super(msg); } public AppException(String msg, Throwable cause) { super(msg, cause); } }
Stream 与 Lambda
Lambda 语法
Comparator byLen = (a, b) -> a.length() - b.length(); Runnable task = () -> System.out.println("run"); Function len = String::length; // method ref
Stream 管道
List result = names.stream() .filter(n -> n.length() > 3) .map(String::toUpperCase) .sorted() .collect(Collectors.toList());
常用 Stream 操作
.filter(pred)保留满足断言的元素
.map(func)转换每个元素
.flatMap(func)映射并展平嵌套 Stream
.sorted()排序(自然序或 Comparator)
.distinct()去重
.limit(n)取前 n 个元素
.collect()终止:收集到集合
.forEach()终止:对每个元素执行操作
.reduce()终止:合并为单个值
.count()终止:统计元素数量
泛型
泛型类与方法
public class Box { private T value; public Box(T value) { this.value = value; } public T get() { return value; } } public static List listOf(T... items) { return List.of(items); }
有界类型与通配符
<T extends Number>T 必须是 Number 或其子类
<T extends A & B>多界(类 + 接口)
<?>未知类型(只读)
<? extends T>上界通配符(生产者)
<? super T>下界通配符(消费者)
Optional 与现代 Java
Optional
Optional opt = Optional.ofNullable(getValue()); String result = opt.orElse("default"); opt.ifPresent(v -> System.out.println(v)); String upper = opt.map(String::toUpperCase).orElse("");
文本块(Java 15+)
String json = """ { "name": "Alice", "age": 30 } """;
实用新特性
var (10+)局部变量类型推断
record (16+)不可变数据载体类
sealed (17+)受限类层级
pattern matching (21+)instanceof 带自动转型
virtual threads (21+)轻量线程(Thread.ofVirtual()