Thiết Lập

Ứng Dụng Tối Giản

from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()

@app.get("/")
async def root():
    return {"message": "Hello, World!"}

Chạy Ứng Dụng

pip install "fastapi[standard]"
fastapi dev main.py    # dev với auto-reload
fastapi run main.py    # production

Tính Năng Nổi Bật

Async native	async/await với ASGI (Uvicorn)
Tài liệu tự động	Swagger UI tại `/docs`, ReDoc tại `/redoc`
Xác thực kiểu	Pydantic model cho request/response
OpenAPI	Schema OpenAPI tự động tạo
Dependency injection	Hệ thống DI tích hợp sẵn

Path Operations

HTTP Methods

@app.get("/items")
@app.post("/items")
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
@app.patch("/items/{item_id}")
@app.delete("/items/{item_id}")

Tham Số Path

@app.get("/users/{user_id}")
async def get_user(user_id: int):
    return {"user_id": user_id}

# Ràng buộc Enum
from enum import Enum
class Color(str, Enum):
    red = "red"
    blue = "blue"

Status Code & Tags

from fastapi import status

@app.post("/items", status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
          tags=["items"])
async def create_item(item: Item):
    return item

Request Body

Pydantic Models

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float = Field(gt=0, description="Phải dương")
    tags: list[str] = []

Model Lồng Nhau

class Address(BaseModel):
    street: str
    city: str
    zip_code: str

class User(BaseModel):
    name: str
    address: Address

Dùng Trong Endpoint

@app.post("/items")
async def create_item(item: Item):
    return {"name": item.name, "price": item.price}

Tính Năng Validation

Field(gt=0)	Lớn hơn 0
Field(min_length=1)	Độ dài chuỗi tối thiểu
Field(max_length=100)	Độ dài chuỗi tối đa
Field(pattern='^[a-z]+$')	Khớp pattern regex
Field(default=None)	Tùy chọn với mặc định
EmailStr	Xác thực email (pydantic[email])

Query Parameters

Query Param Cơ Bản

@app.get("/items")
async def list_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 10):
    return items[skip : skip + limit]
# GET /items?skip=0&limit=20

Validation Query

from fastapi import Query

@app.get("/search")
async def search(
    q: str = Query(min_length=3, max_length=50),
    page: int = Query(default=1, ge=1),
):
    return {"q": q, "page": page}

Tùy Chọn & Bắt Buộc

async def read_items(
    q: str | None = None,   # tùy chọn
    name: str = ...,         # bắt buộc (Ellipsis)
    tags: list[str] = Query(default=[]),
):
    return {"q": q, "name": name}

Headers & Cookies

from fastapi import Header, Cookie

async def read(
    user_agent: str | None = Header(default=None),
    session_id: str | None = Cookie(default=None),
):
    return {"ua": user_agent}

Response Models

Response Model

class ItemOut(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float

@app.get("/items/{id}", response_model=ItemOut)
async def get_item(id: int):
    return items[id]  # lọc bỏ trường thừa

Nhiều Loại Response

from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse, HTMLResponse

@app.get("/html", response_class=HTMLResponse)
async def get_html():
    return "Xin chào"

Tùy Chọn Response Model

response_model	Pydantic model để lọc đầu ra
response_model_exclude_unset	Bỏ qua trường không được đặt tường minh
response_model_include	Whitelist trường cụ thể
response_model_exclude	Blacklist trường cụ thể

Response Lỗi

from fastapi import HTTPException

@app.get("/items/{id}")
async def get_item(id: int):
    if id not in items:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Không tìm thấy")
    return items[id]

Dependencies

Function Dependency

from fastapi import Depends

async def get_db():
    db = SessionLocal()
    try:
        yield db
    finally:
        db.close()

Dùng Trong Endpoint

@app.get("/users")
async def list_users(db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
    return db.query(User).all()

Class-Based Dependencies

class Pagination:
    def __init__(self, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 10):
        self.skip = skip
        self.limit = limit

@app.get("/items")
async def list_items(pg: Pagination = Depends()):
    return items[pg.skip : pg.skip + pg.limit]

Phạm Vi Dependency

Depends(func)	Dependency theo endpoint
app = FastAPI(dependencies=[...])	Dependency toàn cục cho mọi route
APIRouter(dependencies=[...])	Dependency cấp router
yield	Setup/teardown (DB session, lock)

Xác Thực

OAuth2 Password Bearer

from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")

@app.get("/users/me")
async def read_me(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    user = decode_token(token)
    return user

Luồng JWT Token

from jose import jwt
SECRET = "your-secret-key"

def create_token(data: dict):
    return jwt.encode(data, SECRET, algorithm="HS256")

def decode_token(token: str):
    return jwt.decode(token, SECRET, algorithms=["HS256"])

Token Endpoint

from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordRequestForm

@app.post("/token")
async def login(form: OAuth2PasswordRequestForm = Depends()):
    user = authenticate(form.username, form.password)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=401)
    return {"access_token": create_token({"sub": user.id})}

Security Schemes

OAuth2PasswordBearer	Bearer token qua form login
HTTPBasic	Xác thực Basic username/password
APIKeyHeader	API key trong header
APIKeyCookie	API key trong cookie

Background Tasks

Background Task Đơn Giản

from fastapi import BackgroundTasks def send_email(to: str, body: str): # thao tác chậm chạy sau khi response email_client.send(to, body) @app.post("/notify") async def notify(bg: BackgroundTasks): bg.add_task(send_email, "[email protected]", "Xin chào!") return {"status": "queued"}

Dependency với Background

async def log_request(bg: BackgroundTasks):
    bg.add_task(write_log, "request received")

@app.get("/items", dependencies=[Depends(log_request)])
async def list_items():
    return items

Background vs Workers

BackgroundTasks	Tác vụ nhẹ sau response (email, log)
Celery / ARQ	Tác vụ nặng cần worker riêng
asyncio.create_task	Coroutine async fire-and-forget

Middleware

Custom Middleware

import time
from starlette.middleware.base import BaseHTTPMiddleware

class TimingMiddleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware):
    async def dispatch(self, request, call_next):
        start = time.time()
        response = await call_next(request)
        duration = time.time() - start
        response.headers["X-Process-Time"] = str(duration)
        return response

Thêm Middleware

app.add_middleware(TimingMiddleware)

CORS

from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware

app.add_middleware(
    CORSMiddleware,
    allow_origins=["https://example.com"],
    allow_methods=["*"],
    allow_headers=["*"],
)

Middleware Tích Hợp

CORSMiddleware	Cross-origin resource sharing
TrustedHostMiddleware	Giới hạn hostname được phép
GZipMiddleware	Nén response Gzip
HTTPSRedirectMiddleware	Redirect HTTP sang HTTPS

Testing

Test Client

from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

client = TestClient(app)

def test_read_root():
    resp = client.get("/")
    assert resp.status_code == 200
    assert resp.json() == {"message": "Hello, World!"}

Test POST

def test_create_item():
    resp = client.post("/items", json={
        "name": "Widget",
        "price": 9.99,
    })
    assert resp.status_code == 201
    assert resp.json()["name"] == "Widget"

Ghi Đè Dependencies

async def mock_db():
    return FakeDB()

app.dependency_overrides[get_db] = mock_db

def test_with_mock_db():
    resp = client.get("/users")
    assert resp.status_code == 200

Async Testing

import pytest
from httpx import AsyncClient, ASGITransport

@pytest.mark.anyio
async def test_async():
    transport = ASGITransport(app=app)
    async with AsyncClient(transport=transport) as ac:
        resp = await ac.get("/")
    assert resp.status_code == 200

FASTAPI THAM KHẢO NHANH

Xin chào