# Referencia Rápida de Python 3

*Fundamentos, pandas, requests, csv, json*

> Source: Official Python documentation (docs.python.org) · MIT

## Fundamentos

### Variables

```
name = "Alice"   # str
age = 20         # int
gpa = 3.85       # float
active = True    # bool
```

### Tipos de Datos

| Command | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| `str` | Texto: `"hello"` |
| `int` | Entero: `42` |
| `float` | Decimal: `3.14` |
| `bool` | `True` / `False` |
| `list` | Ordenado, mutable: `[1, 2, 3]` |
| `tuple` | Ordenado, inmutable: `(1, 2)` |
| `dict` | Clave-valor: `{"a": 1}` |
| `set` | Elementos únicos: `{1, 2, 3}` |

### Aritmética

| Command | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| `+ - *` | Suma, resta, multiplicación |
| `/` | División (float): 7/2 → 3.5 |
| `//` | División entera: 7//2 → 3 |
| `%` | Módulo: 7%2 → 1 |
| `**` | Potencia: 2**3 → 8 |

### Conversión de Tipos

```
int("42")     # 42
float("3.14") # 3.14
str(100)      # "100"
list("abc")   # ['a','b','c']
```

### Entrada del Usuario

```
name = input("Your name? ")
age = int(input("Age? "))
```

## Cadenas

### Crear Cadenas

```
s1 = 'single quotes'
s2 = "double quotes"
s3 = """triple quotes
    for multiline"""
```

### f-Strings (Python 3.6+)

```
name = "Alice"
f"Hello, {name}!"  # Hello, Alice!
f"{2 + 3}"         # 5
f"{3.14159:.2f}"   # 3.14
f"{1000:,}"        # 1,000
```

### Slicing de Cadenas

```
s = "Python"
# Index: 0 1 2 3 4 5
s[0]    # 'P'
s[-1]   # 'n'
s[2:5]  # 'tho'
s[:2]   # 'Py'
s[2:]   # 'thon'
s[::-1] # 'nohtyP' (reverse)
```

### Métodos de Cadenas

| Command | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| `len(s)` | Longitud de la cadena |
| `s.upper()` | MAYÚSCULAS |
| `s.lower()` | minúsculas |
| `s.strip()` | Eliminar espacios al inicio y final |
| `s.split(",")` | Dividir en lista |
| `",".join(lst)` | Unir lista en cadena |
| `s.replace(a, b)` | Reemplazar a con b |
| `s.find("x")` | Índice de la primera coincidencia (-1 si no existe) |
| `s.startswith(x)` | Verificar prefijo → bool |
| `s.endswith(x)` | Verificar sufijo → bool |
| `s.count(x)` | Contar ocurrencias |
| `"x" in s` | Verificar contenido → bool |

## Listas

### Crear y Acceder

```
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits[0]   # "apple"
fruits[-1]  # "cherry"
fruits[1:3] # ["banana", "cherry"]
```

### Comprensión de Listas

```
squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)]
# [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
evens = [x for x in range(10) if x%2==0]
# [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
```

### Métodos de Lista

| Command | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| `lst.append(x)` | Agregar al final |
| `lst.extend(lst2)` | Agregar todos de lst2 |
| `lst.insert(i, x)` | Insertar en el índice i |
| `lst.pop()` | Eliminar y retornar el último |
| `lst.pop(i)` | Eliminar y retornar en i |
| `lst.remove(x)` | Eliminar primer x |
| `del lst[i]` | Eliminar por índice |
| `lst.sort()` | Ordenar en sitio |
| `sorted(lst)` | Retornar copia ordenada |
| `lst.reverse()` | Invertir en sitio |
| `len(lst)` | Número de elementos |
| `x in lst` | Verificar membresía |
| `lst.index(x)` | Primer índice de x |
| `lst.count(x)` | Conteo de x |

## Tuplas y Conjuntos

### Tuplas (Inmutables)

```
point = (3, 4)
x, y = point  # unpacking
point[0]      # 3 (read-only)
```

### Conjuntos (Elementos Únicos)

```
s = {1, 2, 3}
s.add(4); s.remove(1)
a & b  # intersection
a | b  # union
a - b  # difference
```

## Diccionarios

### Crear y Acceder

```
student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 20}
student["name"]      # "Alice"
student.get("gpa", 0) # 0 (default)
student["gpa"] = 3.85  # add/update
```

### Comprensión de Dict

```
sq = {x: x**2 for x in range(5)}
# {0:0, 1:1, 2:4, 3:9, 4:16}
```

### Iteración

```
for k, v in student.items():
    print(f"{k}: {v}")
```

### Métodos de Dict

| Command | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| `d.keys()` | Todas las claves |
| `d.values()` | Todos los valores |
| `d.items()` | Todos los pares (clave, valor) |
| `d.get(k, default)` | Obtener con valor predeterminado |
| `d.update(d2)` | Combinar d2 en d |
| `d.pop(k)` | Eliminar y retornar valor |
| `del d[k]` | Eliminar clave |
| `"k" in d` | ¿La clave existe? → bool |
| `len(d)` | Número de entradas |

## Flujo de Control

### if / elif / else

```
if score >= 90:
    grade = "A"
elif score >= 80:
    grade = "B"
else:
    grade = "C"
```

### Operador Ternario

```
status = "pass" if score >= 60 else "fail"
```

## Bucles

### Bucle for

```
for fruit in ["apple", "banana"]:
    print(fruit)
```

### range()

```
range(5)        # 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
range(2, 5)     # 2, 3, 4
range(0, 10, 2) # 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
```

### Bucle while

```
while count < 10:
    count += 1
```

### enumerate() y zip()

```
for i, val in enumerate(["a", "b"]):
    print(i, val) # 0 a, 1 b

for a, b in zip([1, 2], ["x", "y"]):
    print(a, b) # 1 x, 2 y
```

### break y continue

```
for x in range(10):
    if x == 5: break      # stop loop
    if x % 2 == 0: continue # skip
```

## Funciones

### Definir y Llamar

```
def greet(name, greeting="Hi"):
    return f"{greeting}, {name}!"

greet("Alice")        # "Hi, Alice!"
greet("Bob", "Hello") # "Hello, Bob!"
```

### Múltiples Valores de Retorno

```
def min_max(lst):
    return min(lst), max(lst)
lo, hi = min_max([3, 1, 4, 1, 5])
```

### *args y **kwargs

```
def total(*args): # args is a tuple
    return sum(args)
total(1, 2, 3) # 6

def info(**kwargs): # kwargs is a dict
    print(kwargs)
```

### Funciones Lambda

```
square = lambda x: x**2
square(5) # 25
sorted(lst, key=lambda x: x["age"])
```

## Clases

```
class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name, breed):
        self.name = name
        self.breed = breed

    def bark(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Woof!"

dog = Dog("Rex", "Lab")
dog.bark() # "Rex says Woof!"
```

### Herencia

```
class Puppy(Dog):
    def __init__(self, name, breed, toy):
        super().__init__(name, breed)
        self.toy = toy
```

## Manejo de Errores

```
try:
    result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    print(f"Error: {e}")
finally:
    print("Always runs")
```

## E/S de Archivos

### Leer Archivos

```
with open("data.txt") as f:
    content = f.read() # full text

with open("data.txt") as f:
    for line in f: # line by line
        print(line.strip())
```

### Escribir Archivos

```
with open("out.txt", "w") as f:
    f.write("Hello\n")
```

*"r" = leer  "w" = escribir (sobreescribir)  "a" = agregar*

## CSV

```
import csv

with open("data.csv") as f:
    reader = csv.DictReader(f)
    for row in reader:
        print(row["name"])

with open("out.csv", "w", newline="") as f:
    writer = csv.writer(f)
    writer.writerow(["name", "age"])
```

## JSON

```
import json

data = json.loads('{"name":"Alice"}') # parse
text = json.dumps(data)               # serialize

with open("data.json") as f:
    data = json.load(f)               # read file
with open("out.json", "w") as f:
    json.dump(data, f, indent=2)      # write file
```

## Solicitudes HTTP

```
import requests

# GET
r = requests.get("https://api.example.com/data")
r.status_code # 200
data = r.json() # parse JSON

# POST
r = requests.post(url, json={"key": "val"})
```

## pandas Básico

```
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
df.head()           # first 5 rows
df.shape            # (rows, cols)
df["name"]          # single column
df[df["age"] > 20]  # filter rows
```

## Funciones Integradas Útiles

| Command | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| `print()` | Salida a consola |
| `len()` | Longitud / conteo |
| `type()` | Tipo de objeto |
| `range()` | Secuencia de números |
| `enumerate()` | Pares de índice + valor |
| `zip()` | Emparejar elementos de iterables |
| `sorted()` | Retornar copia ordenada |
| `sum() min() max()` | Funciones de agregación |

## Módulos

```
import math
from math import sqrt, pi
import pandas as pd # alias
```