REFERENCIA RÁPIDA DE PYTHON 3
Fundamentos, pandas, requests, csv, json
Fundamentos
Variables
name = "Alice" # str
age = 20 # int
gpa = 3.85 # float
active = True # bool
Tipos de Datos
| str | Texto: "hello" |
| int | Entero: 42 |
| float | Decimal: 3.14 |
| bool | True / False |
| list | Ordenado, mutable: [1, 2, 3] |
| tuple | Ordenado, inmutable: (1, 2) |
| dict | Clave-valor: {"a": 1} |
| set | Elementos únicos: {1, 2, 3} |
Aritmética
| + - * | Suma, resta, multiplicación |
| / | División (float): 7/2 → 3.5 |
| // | División entera: 7//2 → 3 |
| % | Módulo: 7%2 → 1 |
| ** | Potencia: 2**3 → 8 |
Conversión de Tipos
int("42") # 42
float("3.14") # 3.14
str(100) # "100"
list("abc") # ['a','b','c']
Entrada del Usuario
name = input("Your name? ")
age = int(input("Age? "))
Cadenas
Crear Cadenas
s1 = 'single quotes'
s2 = "double quotes"
s3 = """triple quotes
for multiline"""
f-Strings (Python 3.6+)
name = "Alice"
f"Hello, {name}!" # Hello, Alice!
f"{2 + 3}" # 5
f"{3.14159:.2f}" # 3.14
f"{1000:,}" # 1,000
Slicing de Cadenas
s = "Python"
# Index: 0 1 2 3 4 5
s[0] # 'P'
s[-1] # 'n'
s[2:5] # 'tho'
s[:2] # 'Py'
s[2:] # 'thon'
s[::-1] # 'nohtyP' (reverse)
Métodos de Cadenas
| len(s) | Longitud de la cadena |
| s.upper() | MAYÚSCULAS |
| s.lower() | minúsculas |
| s.strip() | Eliminar espacios al inicio y final |
| s.split(",") | Dividir en lista |
| ",".join(lst) | Unir lista en cadena |
| s.replace(a, b) | Reemplazar a con b |
| s.find("x") | Índice de la primera coincidencia (-1 si no existe) |
| s.startswith(x) | Verificar prefijo → bool |
| s.endswith(x) | Verificar sufijo → bool |
| s.count(x) | Contar ocurrencias |
| "x" in s | Verificar contenido → bool |
Listas
Crear y Acceder
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits[0] # "apple"
fruits[-1] # "cherry"
fruits[1:3] # ["banana", "cherry"]
Comprensión de Listas
squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)]
# [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
evens = [x for x in range(10) if x%2==0]
# [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
Métodos de Lista
| lst.append(x) | Agregar al final |
| lst.extend(lst2) | Agregar todos de lst2 |
| lst.insert(i, x) | Insertar en el índice i |
| lst.pop() | Eliminar y retornar el último |
| lst.pop(i) | Eliminar y retornar en i |
| lst.remove(x) | Eliminar primer x |
| del lst[i] | Eliminar por índice |
| lst.sort() | Ordenar en sitio |
| sorted(lst) | Retornar copia ordenada |
| lst.reverse() | Invertir en sitio |
| len(lst) | Número de elementos |
| x in lst | Verificar membresía |
| lst.index(x) | Primer índice de x |
| lst.count(x) | Conteo de x |
Tuplas y Conjuntos
Tuplas (Inmutables)
point = (3, 4)
x, y = point # unpacking
point[0] # 3 (read-only)
Conjuntos (Elementos Únicos)
s = {1, 2, 3}
s.add(4); s.remove(1)
a & b # intersection
a | b # union
a - b # difference
Diccionarios
Crear y Acceder
student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 20}
student["name"] # "Alice"
student.get("gpa", 0) # 0 (default)
student["gpa"] = 3.85 # add/update
Comprensión de Dict
sq = {x: x**2 for x in range(5)}
# {0:0, 1:1, 2:4, 3:9, 4:16}
Iteración
for k, v in student.items():
print(f"{k}: {v}")
Métodos de Dict
| d.keys() | Todas las claves |
| d.values() | Todos los valores |
| d.items() | Todos los pares (clave, valor) |
| d.get(k, default) | Obtener con valor predeterminado |
| d.update(d2) | Combinar d2 en d |
| d.pop(k) | Eliminar y retornar valor |
| del d[k] | Eliminar clave |
| "k" in d | ¿La clave existe? → bool |
| len(d) | Número de entradas |
Flujo de Control
if / elif / else
if score >= 90:
grade = "A"
elif score >= 80:
grade = "B"
else:
grade = "C"
Operador Ternario
status = "pass" if score >= 60 else "fail"
Bucles
Bucle for
for fruit in ["apple", "banana"]:
print(fruit)
range()
range(5) # 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
range(2, 5) # 2, 3, 4
range(0, 10, 2) # 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
Bucle while
while count < 10:
count += 1
enumerate() y zip()
for i, val in enumerate(["a", "b"]):
print(i, val) # 0 a, 1 b
for a, b in zip([1, 2], ["x", "y"]):
print(a, b) # 1 x, 2 y
break y continue
for x in range(10):
if x == 5: break # stop loop
if x % 2 == 0: continue # skip
Funciones
Definir y Llamar
def greet(name, greeting="Hi"):
return f"{greeting}, {name}!"
greet("Alice") # "Hi, Alice!"
greet("Bob", "Hello") # "Hello, Bob!"
Múltiples Valores de Retorno
def min_max(lst):
return min(lst), max(lst)
lo, hi = min_max([3, 1, 4, 1, 5])
*args y **kwargs
def total(*args): # args is a tuple
return sum(args)
total(1, 2, 3) # 6
def info(**kwargs): # kwargs is a dict
print(kwargs)
Funciones Lambda
square = lambda x: x**2
square(5) # 25
sorted(lst, key=lambda x: x["age"])
Clases
class Dog:
def __init__(self, name, breed):
self.name = name
self.breed = breed
def bark(self):
return f"{self.name} says Woof!"
dog = Dog("Rex", "Lab")
dog.bark() # "Rex says Woof!"
Herencia
class Puppy(Dog):
def __init__(self, name, breed, toy):
super().__init__(name, breed)
self.toy = toy
Manejo de Errores
try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print(f"Error: {e}")
finally:
print("Always runs")
E/S de Archivos
Leer Archivos
with open("data.txt") as f:
content = f.read() # full text
with open("data.txt") as f:
for line in f: # line by line
print(line.strip())
Escribir Archivos
with open("out.txt", "w") as f:
f.write("Hello\n")
"r" = leer "w" = escribir (sobreescribir) "a" = agregar
CSV
import csv
with open("data.csv") as f:
reader = csv.DictReader(f)
for row in reader:
print(row["name"])
with open("out.csv", "w", newline="") as f:
writer = csv.writer(f)
writer.writerow(["name", "age"])
JSON
import json
data = json.loads('{"name":"Alice"}') # parse
text = json.dumps(data) # serialize
with open("data.json") as f:
data = json.load(f) # read file
with open("out.json", "w") as f:
json.dump(data, f, indent=2) # write file
Solicitudes HTTP
import requests
# GET
r = requests.get("https://api.example.com/data")
r.status_code # 200
data = r.json() # parse JSON
# POST
r = requests.post(url, json={"key": "val"})
pandas Básico
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
df.head() # first 5 rows
df.shape # (rows, cols)
df["name"] # single column
df[df["age"] > 20] # filter rows
Funciones Integradas Útiles
| print() | Salida a consola |
| len() | Longitud / conteo |
| type() | Tipo de objeto |
| range() | Secuencia de números |
| enumerate() | Pares de índice + valor |
| zip() | Emparejar elementos de iterables |
| sorted() | Retornar copia ordenada |
| sum() min() max() | Funciones de agregación |
Módulos
import math
from math import sqrt, pi
import pandas as pd # alias